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179

Section 12: Maintenance, Safety, and

Troubleshooting

Who funds and carries out research on the biological effects of RF energy?

Research into possible biological effects of RF energy is carried out in

laboratories in the United States and around the world. In the U.S., most

research has been funded by the Department of Defense, due to the

extensive military use of RF equipment such as radar and high-powered

radio transmitters. In addition, some federal agencies responsible for

health and safety, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), have sponsored and

conducted research in this area. At the present time, most of the non-

military research on biological effects of RF energy in the U.S. is being

funded by industry organizations. More research is being carried out

overseas, particularly in Europe.

In 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the

International EMF Project to review the scientic literature, and work

towards resolution of health concerns over the use of RF technology.

WHO maintains a Web site that provides extensive information on this

project and about RF biological effects and research (www.who.ch/

peh-emf).

The FDA, EPA and other US government agencies responsible for public

health and safety have worked together and in connection with WHO

to monitor developments and identify research needs related to RF

biological effects.

How does the FCC Audit Cell Phone RF?

After the FCC grants permission for a particular cellular telephone to be

marketed, it will occasionally conduct “post-grant” testing to determine

whether production versions of the phone are being produced to

conform with the FCC regulatory requirements. The manufacturer of

a cell phone that does not meet the FCC’s regulatory requirements

may be required to remove the cell phone from use and to refund the

purchase price or provide a replacement phone, and may be subject

to civil or criminal penalties. In addition, if the cell phone presents

a risk of injury to the user, the FDA may also take regulatory action.

The most important post-grant test, from a consumer’s perspective, is

testing of the RF emissions of the phone. The FCC measures the Specic

Absorption Rate (SAR) of the phone, following a very rigorous testing

protocol. As is true for nearly any scientic measurement, there is a

possibility that the test measurement may be less than or greater than

the actual RF emitted by the phone. This difference between the RF test

measurement and actual RF emission is because test measurements are

limited by instrument accuracy, because test measurement and actual

use environments are different, and other variable factors. This inherent

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